Advection

•  Coriolis effect

  In physics, the Coriolis effect is an apparent deflection of moving objects when they are viewed from a rotating reference frame. For example, consider two children on opposite sides of a spinning roundabout, who are throwing a ball to each other (see picture). From the children's point of view, this ball's path is curved sideways by the Coriolis effect. From the thrower's perspective, the deflection is to the right with anticlockwise carousel rotation (viewed from above).

  

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•  Jet stream

  Jet streams are fast flowing, narrow air currents found in the atmospheres of some planets. The main jet streams are located near the tropopause, the transition between the troposphere (where temperature decreases with height) and the stratosphere (where temperature increases with height). The major jet streams on earth are westerly winds (flowing west to east).

  

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•  Gravity wave

  In fluid dynamics, gravity waves are waves generated in a fluid medium or at the interface between two media which has the restoring force of gravity or buoyancy. When a fluid element is displaced on an interface or internally to a region with a different density, gravity tries to restore the parcel toward equilibrium resulting in an oscillation about the equilibrium state or wave orbit.

  

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•  Quasi-biennial oscillation

  The QBO (quasi-biennial oscillation) is a quasi-periodic oscillation of the equatorial zonal wind between easterlies and westerlies in the tropical stratosphere with a mean period of 28 to 29 months. The alternating wind regimes develop at the top of the lower stratosphere and propagate downwards at about 1 km per month until they are dissipated at the tropical tropopause. Downward motion of the easterlies is usually more irregular than that of the westerlies.

  

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•  Sudden stratospheric warming

  A sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) is an event where the polar vortex of westerly (eastwards) winds in the Northern winter hemisphere abruptly (i.e. over the course of a few days) slows down or even reverses direction, accompanied by a rise of stratospheric temperature by several tens of kelvins. This is considered to be the most dramatic meteorological event in the stratosphere.

  

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•  Geopotential height

  Geopotential height is a vertical coordinate referenced to Earth's mean sea level — an adjustment to geometric height (elevation above mean sea level) using the variation of gravity with latitude and elevation. Thus it can be considered a "gravity-adjusted height. " One usually speaks of the geopotential height of a certain pressure level, which would correspond to the geopotential height necessary to reach the given pressure.

  

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•  Vorticity

  Vorticity is a concept used in fluid dynamics. In the simplest sense, vorticity is the tendency for elements of the fluid to "spin. " More formally, vorticity can be related to the amount of "circulation" or "rotation" (or more strictly, the local angular rate of rotation) in a fluid. The average vorticity in a small region of fluid flow is equal to the circulation around the boundary of the small region, divided by the area A of the small region.

  

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•  Baroclinity

  In fluid dynamics, the baroclinity (sometimes called baroclinicity) is a measure of the stratification in a fluid. In meteorology a baroclinic atmosphere is one for which the density depends on both the temperature and the pressure; contrast this with barotropic atmosphere, for which the density depends only on the pressure.

  

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•  Primitive equations

  The primitive equations are a set of nonlinear differential equations that are used to approximate global atmospheric flow and are used in most atmospheric models.

  

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•  Intertropical Convergence Zone

  The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is the area encircling the earth near the equator where winds originating in the northern and southern hemispheres come together. The ITCZ was originally identified from the 1920s to the 1940s as the "Intertropical Front" (ITF), but after the recognition in the 1940s and 1950s of the significance of wind field convergence in tropical weather production, the term "ITCZ" was then applied.

  

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•  San Juan Bautista

  San Juan Bautista is: The Spanish-language name of John the Baptist. See also the disambiguation page at San Juan. It is the 15th mission. The spanish built them on the coast because they needed a harbor. The Ohlone were the most common indian tribe there.

  

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•  Sudanese pound

  The Sudanese pound is the currency of Sudan. Arabic names for the denominations appear on Sudanese coins, whilst both Arabic and English appear on the country's banknotes.

  

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•  Biel (district)

  The administrative district of Biel/Bienne in the Swiss canton of Bern/Berne with its seat Biel/Bienne is bi-lingual (41% French and 59% German) and includes two municipalities in an area of 25 km²:

  

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