Arabic alphabet

•  Abjad

  An abjad is a type of writing system in which each symbol always or usually stands for a consonant; the reader must supply the appropriate vowel. It is a term suggested by Peter T. Daniels to replace the common terms consonantary or consonantal alphabet or syllabary to refer to the family of scripts called West Semitic. In popular usage, abjads often contain the word "alphabet" in their names, such as "Phoenician alphabet" and "Arabic alphabet".

  

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•  Aramaic alphabet

  The Aramaic alphabet is adapted from the Phoenician alphabet, and became distinctive from it by the 8th century BCE. The letters all represent consonants, some of which are matres lectionis, which also indicate long vowels. The Aramaic alphabet is historically significant since virtually all modern Middle Eastern writing systems use a script that can be traced back to it, as well as numerous Altaic languages of Central and East Asia.

  

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•  Hebrew alphabet

  The Hebrew alphabet, known variously by scholars as the Jewish script, square script, block script, and because of its place of origin, the Assyrian script (not to be confused with the Syriac alphabet) is the better-known of two script standards used to write the Hebrew language — the other being the Samaritan script. In adapted forms, is also used for writing other Jewish languages, most notably Yiddish, Ladino, and Judeo-Arabic. The Hebrew alphabet is written from right to left.

  

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•  Phoenician alphabet

  The Phoenician alphabet, called by convention the Proto-Canaanite alphabet for inscriptions older than around 1050 BC, was a non-pictographic consonantal alphabet, or abjad. It was used for the writing of Phoenician, a Northern Semitic language, used by the civilization of Phoenicia. It has been classified as an abjad because it records only consonant sounds, with the addition of matres lectionis for some vowels.

  

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•  Ugaritic alphabet

  The Ugaritic alphabet is a cuneiform abjad (alphabet without vowels), used from around 1500 BCE for the Ugaritic language, an extinct Northwest Semitic language discovered in Ugarit, Syria, in 1928. It has 31 letters. Other languages were occasionally written in it in the Ugarit area, although not elsewhere.

  

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•  Pitman shorthand

  Pitman shorthand is a system of shorthand for the English language developed by Englishman Sir Isaac Pitman (1813–1897), who first presented it in 1837. Like most systems of shorthand, it is a phonetic system; the symbols do not represent letters, but rather sounds, and words are, for the most part, written as they are spoken. As of 1996, Pitman shorthand was the most popular shorthand system used in the United Kingdom and the second most popular in the United States.

  

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•  Syriac alphabet

  The Syriac alphabet is a writing system primarily used to write the Syriac language from around the 2nd century BC. It is one of the Semitic abjads directly descending from the Proto-Canaanite alphabet and shares similarities with the Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew, and Arabic alphabets.

  

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•  Samaritan alphabet

  

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•  Sogdian alphabet

  The Sogdian alphabet was originally used for the Sogdian language, a language in the Iranian family used by the people of Sogdiana. The alphabet is derived from Syriac, the descendant script of the Aramaic alphabet. The Sogdian alphabet is one of three scripts used to write the Sogdian language, the others being the Manichaean alphabet and the Syriac alphabet. It was used throughout Central Asia, from the edge of Iran in the west, to China in the east, from approximately 100-1200 C.E.

  

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•  Proto-Canaanite alphabet

  

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• Abjad writing systems by likeorhate
• Arabic script by likeorhate
• Scripts with ISO 15924 four-letter codes by likeorhate

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•  Cazeaux-de-Larboust

  Cazeaux-de-Larboust is a commune of the Haute-Garonne department in south-western France.

  

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•  Toston, MT

  

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•  Temperature record since 1880

  The website of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration contains detailed data of the annual land and ocean temperature since 1880. Each of the last 12 years (1997-2008) was one of the warmest on record. These years could be the warmest years for the last several thousand years according to the temperature record, not just since 1880, but the most recent data is the most accurate. The values reported in the right hand column are anomalies from the 1901-2000 global mean of 13.9°C.

  

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