Sabr ad-Din I

•  Sa'ad ad-Din II

  Sa'ad ad-Din II (ruled circa 1400) was a sultan of Ifat, and the brother of Haqq ad-Din II. He was born at the court of Emperor Newaya Krestos. Richard Pankhurst describes him as "the last great ruler of Ifat. " Sa'ad ad-Din continued the revolt against the Ethiopian Emperors, and the Gadla Marqorewos records that he "easily destroyed" an army of Emperor Dawit I. The Egyptian encyclopedist Ahmad al-Qalqashandi (died 1418) also praises Sa'ad ad-Din's victories against the Ethiopians.

  

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•  Haqq ad-Din II

  Haqq ad-Din II (ruled late 14th century) was a sultan of Ifat, and the son of Ahmad ibn Ali. Taddesse Tamrat credits Haqq as "the founder of the kingdom of Adal as we know it in its protracted struggle with the Christian kingdom [of Ethiopia]" Although al-Makrizi states that both Haqq ad-Din and his brother Sa'ad ad-Din were born at the Ethiopian court, both grew up to be the strongest champions of Islam in the Ethiopian region.

  

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•  Ali ibn Sabr ad-Din

  Ali ibn Sabr ad-Din (flourished after 1344) was the son of Sabr ad-Din I. The Emperor of Ethiopia Newaya Krestos made him governor of Ifat after the death of his father. According to Taddesse Tamrat, al-Makrizi describes Ali as "the first to revolt from the customary allegiance to the Hati [Emperor]", a claim that Taddesse Tamrat explains as meaning that Ali was the first of his family to revolt since the death of Emperor Amda Seyon I.

  

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•  Walashma dynasty

  The Walashma dynasty was a Muslim noble family who ruled Ifat - parts of what is now eastern Ethiopia, Djibouti, and western Somalia. The earliest known member of this family was Umar ibn Dunya-huz (died 1275), whose son Ali ibn Wali Ashma conquered the Muslim kingdom of Shewa. The last member of this dynasty was Barakat ibn Umar Din, who was driven from his capital of Harar by the Ethiopian general Hamalmal in 1559.

  

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•  Jamal ad-Din I

  Jamal ad-Din (flourished mid 14th century) was governor of Ifat. He was the son of Nahwi b. Mansur b. Umar Walashma and a brother of Haqq ad-Din I. The Emperor of Ethiopia Amda Seyon I made him governor of Ifat after the defeat and imprisonment of his brother Sabr ad-Din I. Taddesse Tamrat notes that Jamal ad-Din had been released from prison upon his appointment, and speculates that the Emperor had held onto the noble as a hostage to guarantee the loyalty of Ifat.

  

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•  Haqq ad-Din I

  Haqq ad-Din I (flourished 1328) was an amir of Ifat and the son of Nahwi b. Mansur b. Umar Walashma. According to I.M. Lewis, Amir Haqq "turned the sporadic and disjointed forays of his predecessors into a full-scale war of aggression, and apparently for the first time, couched his call to arms in the form of a religious war against the Abyssinian 'infidel'". He was encouraged by Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad of Egypt to attack Ethiopia.

  

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•  Sabr ad-Din II

  Sabr ad-Din II (died 1422/1423) was a king of Adal and the oldest son of Sa'ad ad-Din II. Trimingham tersely states that Sabr ad-Din returned to Africa from Yemen to reclaim his father's realm, but was defeated in battle by the Emperor of Ethiopia Yeshaq. E. A. Wallis Budge offers some more details, explaining that he was chosen as the first to return to their father's lands; he crossed over to Adal and established a base in Sayarah, where he was joined by many of his father's followers.

  

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•  Ahmad ibn Ali

  Ahmad ibn Ali (flourished mid 14th century) was the son of Jamal ad-Din I. The Emperor of Ethiopia Newaya Krestos made him governor of Ifat after his father Ali ibn Sabr ad-Din unsuccessfully revolted against the Emperor and was put into prison. His father Ali was released from imprisonment after eight years and restored to the governorship, whereupon he treated Ahmad as a traitor, excluding him from all positions of authority.

  

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•  Mansur ad-Din

  

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•  Jamal ad-Din II

  Jamal ad-Din II (died 1433) was a sultan of Adal and the youngest son of Sa'ad ad-Din II.

  

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• Walashma dynasty by likeorhate
• 14th-century African people by likeorhate

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•  Dinosaur

  Dinosaurs ("terrible, powerful, or wondrous lizards") were the dominant terrestrial vertebrate animals for over 160 million years, from the late Triassic period (about 230 million years ago) until the end of the Cretaceous period (about 65 million years ago), when the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event caused the extinction of most dinosaur species.

  

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•  Arvernus

  In Gallo-Roman religion, Arvernus was an epithet of the Gaulish Mercury. Although the name refers to the Arverni, in whose territory Mercury had at important sanctuary at the Puy-de-Dôme, all of the inscriptions to Mercury Arvernus are found farther away along the Rhenish frontier. The name is also recorded once as Mercury Arvernorix, 'king of the Arverni'. Compare also the title Mercury Dumiatis ('of the Puy-de-Dôme'), found in the territory of the Arverni .

  

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•  Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds

  "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" is a song by English rock band The Beatles, primarily written by John Lennon for the group's 1967 album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. At the time of its release, the Beatles claimed that the inspiration for the song came from a drawing by John Lennon's son, Julian, which Julian called "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds".

  

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•  The People of Laaf

  The People of Laaf is an attraction in the amusement park Efteling in the Netherlands. It was designed by Ton van de Ven and opened its doors in 1990. It is a small village, called “Lavenlaar”, inhabited by the so-called “Laafs” ("Laven" in Dutch). The visitors can walk through the village and enter the houses, among which a bakery, a brewery, a windmill and a nursery and watch the Laafs do their normal daily activities.

  

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•  Non-bank financial institution

  A non-bank financial institution (NBFI) is a financial institution that does not have a full banking license or is not supervised by a national or international banking regulatory agency. NBFIs facilitate bank-related financial services, such as investment, risk pooling, contractual savings, and market brokering. Examples of these include insurance firms, pawn shops, cashier's check issuers, check cashing locations, currency exchanges, and microloan organizations.

  

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