Ali ibn Sabr ad-Din

•  Sa'ad ad-Din II

  Sa'ad ad-Din II (ruled circa 1400) was a sultan of Ifat, and the brother of Haqq ad-Din II. He was born at the court of Emperor Newaya Krestos. Richard Pankhurst describes him as "the last great ruler of Ifat. " Sa'ad ad-Din continued the revolt against the Ethiopian Emperors, and the Gadla Marqorewos records that he "easily destroyed" an army of Emperor Dawit I. The Egyptian encyclopedist Ahmad al-Qalqashandi (died 1418) also praises Sa'ad ad-Din's victories against the Ethiopians.

  

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•  Haqq ad-Din II

  Haqq ad-Din II (ruled late 14th century) was a sultan of Ifat, and the son of Ahmad ibn Ali. Taddesse Tamrat credits Haqq as "the founder of the kingdom of Adal as we know it in its protracted struggle with the Christian kingdom [of Ethiopia]" Although al-Makrizi states that both Haqq ad-Din and his brother Sa'ad ad-Din were born at the Ethiopian court, both grew up to be the strongest champions of Islam in the Ethiopian region.

  

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•  Walashma dynasty

  The Walashma dynasty was a Muslim noble family who ruled Ifat - parts of what is now eastern Ethiopia, Djibouti, and western Somalia. The earliest known member of this family was Umar ibn Dunya-huz (died 1275), whose son Ali ibn Wali Ashma conquered the Muslim kingdom of Shewa. The last member of this dynasty was Barakat ibn Umar Din, who was driven from his capital of Harar by the Ethiopian general Hamalmal in 1559.

  

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•  Jamal ad-Din I

  Jamal ad-Din (flourished mid 14th century) was governor of Ifat. He was the son of Nahwi b. Mansur b. Umar Walashma and a brother of Haqq ad-Din I. The Emperor of Ethiopia Amda Seyon I made him governor of Ifat after the defeat and imprisonment of his brother Sabr ad-Din I. Taddesse Tamrat notes that Jamal ad-Din had been released from prison upon his appointment, and speculates that the Emperor had held onto the noble as a hostage to guarantee the loyalty of Ifat.

  

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•  Sabr ad-Din I

  Sabr ad-Din I (flourished 1332) was an amir of Ifat, the son of Nahwi bin Mansur bin Umar Walashma and younger brother of Haqq ad-Din I. Sabr ad-Din rallied his fellow Muslims in a counteroffensive in early 1332 against the Ethiopians; however, the Emperor of Ethiopia Amda Seyon I defeated him in battle, then invaded a number of Muslim kingdoms, including Dawaro and Bale, which brought an end to the independent kingdoms of Hadiya, Fatagar, Dawaro, and Ifat.

  

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•  Haqq ad-Din I

  Haqq ad-Din I (flourished 1328) was an amir of Ifat and the son of Nahwi b. Mansur b. Umar Walashma. According to I.M. Lewis, Amir Haqq "turned the sporadic and disjointed forays of his predecessors into a full-scale war of aggression, and apparently for the first time, couched his call to arms in the form of a religious war against the Abyssinian 'infidel'". He was encouraged by Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad of Egypt to attack Ethiopia.

  

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•  Sabr ad-Din II

  Sabr ad-Din II (died 1422/1423) was a king of Adal and the oldest son of Sa'ad ad-Din II. Trimingham tersely states that Sabr ad-Din returned to Africa from Yemen to reclaim his father's realm, but was defeated in battle by the Emperor of Ethiopia Yeshaq. E. A. Wallis Budge offers some more details, explaining that he was chosen as the first to return to their father's lands; he crossed over to Adal and established a base in Sayarah, where he was joined by many of his father's followers.

  

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•  Ahmad ibn Ali

  Ahmad ibn Ali (flourished mid 14th century) was the son of Jamal ad-Din I. The Emperor of Ethiopia Newaya Krestos made him governor of Ifat after his father Ali ibn Sabr ad-Din unsuccessfully revolted against the Emperor and was put into prison. His father Ali was released from imprisonment after eight years and restored to the governorship, whereupon he treated Ahmad as a traitor, excluding him from all positions of authority.

  

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•  Mansur ad-Din

  

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•  Jamal ad-Din II

  Jamal ad-Din II (died 1433) was a sultan of Adal and the youngest son of Sa'ad ad-Din II.

  

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• Walashma dynasty by likeorhate
• 14th-century African people by likeorhate

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•  Conquistador

  Conquistador (meaning "Conqueror" in the Spanish and Portuguese languages) is the term widely used to refer to the Spanish soldiers, explorers, and adventurers who brought much of the Americas under the control of Spain in the 15th through the 19th centuries following Europe's discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus in 1492. The leaders of the conquest of the Aztec Empire were Hernán Cortés and Pedro de Alvarado. Francisco Pizarro led the conquest of the Incan Empire.

  

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•  London lighting-up times

  

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•  Lye, Indre

  Lye is a commune in the Indre department in central France.

  

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•  Göncruszka

  Göncruszka is a village in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county, Hungary.

  

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• Caves of France by likeorhate