Old quantum theory

•  Plum pudding model

  The plum pudding model of the atom by J. J. Thomson, who discovered the electron in 1897, was proposed in 1904 before the discovery of the atomic nucleus. In this model, the atom is composed of electrons (which Thomson still called "corpuscles", though G. J. Stoney had proposed that atoms of electricity be called electrons in 1894) surrounded by a soup of positive charge to balance the electron's negative charge, like negatively-charged "plums" surrounded by positively-charged "pudding".

  

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•  Timeline of chemical elements discoveries

  The discovery of the elements known to exist today is presented here in chronological order. The elements are listed generally in the order in which each was first defined as the pure element, as the exact date of discovery of most elements cannot be accurately defined. There are no written records for the discoveries of the first few elements that were known in antiquity.

  

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•  History of physics

  As forms of science historically developed out of philosophy, physics was originally referred to as natural philosophy, a term describing a field of study concerned with "the workings of nature".

  

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•  Luminiferous aether

  In the late 19th century, "luminiferous aether" (or "ether"), meaning light-bearing aether, was the term used to describe a medium for the propagation of light. The word aether stems via Latin from the Greek αιθήρ, from a root meaning to kindle, burn, or shine. It signifies the substance which was thought in ancient times to contain the manipulative forces beyond control. Later theories, though not including general relativity were formulated without the concept of aether.

  

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•  Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics

  The mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics is the body of mathematical formalisms which permits a rigorous description of quantum mechanics. It is distinguished from mathematical formalisms for theories developed prior to the early 1900s by the use of abstract mathematical structures, such as infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces and operators on these spaces.

  

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•  N ray

  N-rays (or N rays) are a hypothesized form of radiation, described by Prosper-René Blondlot, and initially confirmed by others, but subsequently found to be illusory.

  

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•  Arago spot

  In optics, an Arago spot is a bright point which appears at the center of the shadow of a circular object in light from a point source. It is also sometimes called a Poisson spot or a Fresnel bright spot. It is of considerable interest because the historical part it played in the wave theory of light. In 1818 Siméon Poisson deduced from Augustin Fresnel's theory the necessity of a bright spot at the centre of the shadow of a circular opaque obstacle.

  

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•  Thomas Young (scientist)

  Thomas Young (13 June 1773 – 10 May 1829) was an English genius and polymath, admired by among others Herschel and Einstein. He is famous with the public for having partly deciphered Egyptian hieroglyphs before Champollion did. Young made notable scientific contributions to the fields of vision, light, solid mechanics, energy, physiology, language, musical harmony and Egyptology.

  

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•  Newton's laws of motion

  Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that form the basis for classical mechanics. They have been expressed in several different ways over nearly three centuries, and can be summarised as follows: In the absence of a net force, the center of mass of a body either is at rest or moves at a constant velocity. A body experiencing a force F experiences an acceleration a related to F by F = ma, where m is the mass of the body.

  

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•  Element naming controversy

  The names for the chemical elements 104 to 106 were the subject of a major controversy starting in the 1960s, described by some nuclear chemists as the Transfermium Wars because it concerned the elements subsequent to fermium (element 100). The final resolution of this controversy in 1997 also decided the names of elements 107 to 109.

  

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• Quantum mechanics by likeorhate

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•  Catalysis

  Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a chemical reaction is changed (either increased or decreased) by means of a chemical substance known as a catalyst. Unlike other reagents that participate in the chemical reaction, a catalyst is not consumed by the reaction itself. The catalyst may participate in multiple chemical transformations. Catalysts that speed the reaction are called positive catalysts. Catalysts that slow down the reaction are called negative catalysts or inhibitors.

  

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•  Pushkin (town)

  Pushkin is a town under jurisdiction of St. Petersburg, Russia, that is located 24 kilometers (15 mi) south from the center of St. Petersburg. Population: 84,628; 95,415.

  

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•  William R. Symonds

  William Robert Symonds (1851 – November 7, 1934) was an English painter. Born in Yoxford, Suffolk, he studied in Antwerp and settled in London in 1881. He exhibited regularly at the Royal Academy in London from 1876. He has painted several famous prints, the most notable being Heather, painted c. 1909. His paintings hang in the Wallace Collection in London and Christchurch Mansion in Suffolk.

  

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•  Damonia

  Damonia is a genus of tachinid flies in the family Tachinidae..

  

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•  Gramaxin

  

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