Isotope separation

•  Enriched uranium

  Enriched uranium is a kind of uranium in which the percent composition of uranium-235 has been increased through the process of isotope separation. Natural uranium is 99.284% U isotope, with U only constituting about 0.711% of its weight. U is the only isotope existing in nature (in any appreciable amount) that is fissile with thermal neutrons. Enriched uranium is a critical component for both civil nuclear power generation and military nuclear weapons.

  

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•  Girdler sulfide process

  The Girdler sulfide (GS) process, also known as the Geib-Spevack (GS) process, is an industrial production method for making heavy water, an important component of many nuclear reactors because it acts as a neutron moderator. It takes its name from Karl-Hermann Geib and Jerome S. Spevack, who independently invented it in the early 1940s, or the Girdler company, which built the first American plant using the process.

  

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•  Gas centrifuge

  A gas centrifuge is a separating machine specifically developed to separate Uranium-235 from Uranium-238. The gas centrifuge relies on the principles of centripetal force accelerating molecules based upon mass. When performed in a column, this yields separations of each component. The gas centrifuge was developed to replace the gaseous diffusion method of Uranium-235 extraction.

  

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•  Gaseous diffusion

  Gaseous diffusion is a technology used to produce enriched uranium by forcing gaseous uranium hexafluoride, UF6, through semi-permeable membranes. This produces a slight separation between the molecules containing uranium-235 and uranium-238. By use of a large cascade of many stages, high separations can be achieved. It was the first economic enrichment process to be successfully developed.

  

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•  Calutron

  A calutron is a mass spectrometer used for separating the isotopes of uranium. It was developed by Ernest O. Lawrence during the Manhattan Project and was similar to the cyclotron invented by Lawrence. Its name is a concatenation of Cal. U. -tron, in tribute to the University of California, Lawrence's institution and the contractor of the Los Alamos laboratory.

  

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•  Atomic vapor laser isotope separation

  AVLIS Is an acronym which stands for atomic vapor laser isotope separation and is a method by which specially tuned lasers are used to separate isotopes of uranium using selective ionization of hyperfine transitions. In the largest technology transfer in U.S. government history, in 1994 the AVLIS process was transferred to the United States Enrichment Corporation for commercialization. However, on June 9, 1999 after a $100 million investment, USEC cancelled its AVLIS program.

  

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•  Denaturation (fissile materials)

  Denaturation of fissile materials suitable for nuclear weapons is the process of transforming them into a form that is not suitable for weapons use and can not easily be reversely transformed.

  

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•  Molecular laser isotope separation

  Molecular laser isotope separation (MLIS) is a method of isotope separation, where specially tuned lasers are used to separate isotopes of uranium using selective ionization of hyperfine transitions of uranium hexafluoride molecules. It is similar to AVLIS. Its main advantage over AVLIS is low energy consumption and use of uranium hexafluoride instead of vaporized uranium. MLIS was conceived in 1961 at the Los Alamos National Laboratory.

  

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•  Helikon vortex separation process

  The Helikon vortex separation process is an aerodynamic uranium enrichment process designed around a device called a vortex tube. This method was designed and used in South Africa for producing reactor fuel with a uranium-235 content of around 3–5% in addition to making 80–93% enrichment for the weapons program. The Uranium Enrichment Corporation of South Africa, Ltd.

  

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•  Silex Process

  SILEX is an acronym for Separation of Isotopes by Laser Excitation, a technology developed in the 1990s for isotope separation to produce enriched uranium using lasers. The SILEX process was developed in Australia by Silex Systems Limited, a publicly listed high technology innovation company founded in 1988, and was invented by Dr Michael Goldsworthy and Dr Horst Struve.

  

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• Isotope separation by likeorhate

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•  Karl Salomo Zachariae von Lingenthal

  Karl Salomo Zachariae von Lingenthal, (September 14, 1769 - March 27, 1843), German jurist, was born at Meissen in Saxony, the son of a lawyer and was the father of Karl Eduard Zachariae. Von Lingenthal received his early education at the famous public school of St. Afra in Meissen and later studied philosophy, history, mathematics and jurisprudence at the University of Leipzig. In 1792 he went to Wittenberg University as tutor to one of the counts of Lippe, and continued his legal studies.

  

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•  Gustave Doré

  Paul Gustave Doré (January 6, 1832 – January 23, 1883) was a French artist, engraver, illustrator and sculptor. Doré worked primarily with wood engraving and steel engraving.

  

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•  Hons and Rebels

  Hons and Rebels is an autobiography by political activist Jessica Mitford which describes her aristocratic childhood and the conflicts between her and her sisters Unity and Diana, who were ardent supporters of Nazism. Jessica was a supporter of Communism and eloped with her cousin to fight with the Loyalists in the Spanish Civil War, and Diana grew up to marry the leader of the British Union of Fascists. Unity befriended Nazi leader Hitler, who praised her as an ideal of Aryan beauty.

  

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•  Chief Judge Thomas Hogan

  

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•  Warrior's Path State Park

  

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