Silurian

•  Old Red Sandstone

  The Old Red Sandstone is a British rock formation of considerable importance to early paleontology. For convenience the short version of the term, 'ORS' is often used in literature on the subject.

  

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•  Ordovician–Silurian extinction event

  The Ordovician–Silurian extinction event or quite commonly the Ordovician extinction, was the third-largest of the five major extinction events in Earth's history in terms of percentage of genera that went extinct and second largest overall in the overall loss of life. Between about 450 Ma to 440 Ma, two bursts of extinction, separated by one million years, appear to have happened . This was the second biggest extinction of marine life, ranking only below the Permian extinction.

  

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•  Iapetus Ocean

  The Iapetus Ocean was an ocean that existed in the Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic eras of the geologic timescale (between 600 and 400 million years ago). The Iapetus Ocean was situated in the southern hemisphere, between the paleocontinents of Laurentia, Baltica and Avalonia. The ocean disappeared with the Caledonian, Taconic and Acadian orogenies, when these three continents joined to form one big landmass called Laurussia.

  

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•  Highland Boundary Fault

  The Highland Boundary Fault is a geologic fault that traverses Scotland from Arran and Helensburgh on the west coast to Stonehaven in the east. It separates two distinctly different physiographic regions: the Highlands from the Lowlands, but in most places it is only recognisable as a change in topography.

  

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•  Caledonian orogeny

  The Caledonian orogeny is a mountain building era recorded in the northern parts of the British Isles, western Scandinavia, Svalbard, eastern Greenland and parts of north-central Europe. The Caledonian orogeny encompasses events that occurred from the Ordovician to Early Devonian, roughly 490-390 million years ago. It was caused by the closure of the Iapetus Ocean when the continents and terranes of Laurentia, Baltica and Avalonia collided.

  

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•  Seneca Rocks

  Seneca Rocks is a large crag and local landmark in Pendleton County in the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia, USA. It is easily visible and accessible along West Virginia Route 28 in the Spruce Knob-Seneca Rocks National Recreation Area. One of the best-known scenic attractions in West Virginia, the sheer rock faces of Seneca Rocks are a popular challenge for rock climbers.

  

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•  Andean-Saharan glaciation

  The Andean-Saharan glaciation was from 460 Ma to 430 Ma, during the late Ordovician and the Silurian period. A discussion of the several known ice ages is presented at

  

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•  Rheic Ocean

  The Rheic Ocean was a Paleozoic ocean between the large continent Gondwana to the south and the microcontinents Avalonia and others to the north. It formed during the Cambrian and was destroyed during the Hercynian (European name) and Alleghenian (North American name) orogenies during the Carboniferous.

  

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•  Tippecanoe sequence

  The Tippecanoe sequence was the cratonic sequence--that is, the marine transgression--that followed the Sauk sequence; it extended from roughly the middle Ordovician to the early Devonian.

  

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•  Proto-Tethys Ocean

  The Proto-Tethys Ocean was an ancient ocean that existed from the latest Ediacaran to the Carboniferous. It was an ocean predecessor of the later Paleo-Tethys Ocean. The ocean formed when Pannotia disintegrated, Proto-Laurasia (Laurentia, Baltica, and Siberia) rifted away from a supercontinent that will become Gondwana. Proto-Tethys formed between these two supercontinents. The ocean was bordered by Panthalassic Ocean to the north, separating it from Panthalassa by island arcs and Kazakhstania.

  

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•  Polish involvement in the 2003 invasion of Iraq

  On March 17, 2003, then Polish President Aleksander Kwaśniewski announced that Poland would send about 200 troops to the Persian Gulf to take part in the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Polish soldiers were present in the region since July 2002, and combat was first confirmed on March 24. These formed the third and one of the largest military contributions to the forces arrayed against Iraq.

  

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•  Hooded Merganser

  The Hooded Merganser (Lophodytes cucullatus) is a small duck and is the only member of the genus Lophodytes. Hooded Mergansers have a crest at the back of the head which can be expanded or contracted. In adult males, this crest has a large white patch, the head is black and the sides of the duck are reddish brown. The adult female has a reddish crest, with much of the rest of the head and body a greyish-brown. The Hooded Merganser has a sawbill but is not classified as a typical merganser.

  

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•  Schwimmer

  

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• German music by likeorhate
•  Dunmaglass, Nova Scotia

  

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