Sardar

•  Consul

  

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•  Caliph

  The Caliph is the head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah. It is a transcribed version of the Arabic word خليفة Khalīfah which means "successor" or "representative". The early leaders of the Muslim nation following Muhammad's (570–632) death were called "Khalifat Rasul Allah", the political successors to the messenger of God (referring to Muhammad). Some academics prefer to transliterate the term as Khalīfah.

  

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•  Dictator

  For the ancient Roman title, see Roman dictator. A dictator is a ruler who assumes sole and absolute power (sometimes but not always with military control) but, without hereditary ascension such as an absolute monarch. When other states call the head of state of a particular state a dictator, that state is called a dictatorship. The word originated as the title of a magistrate in ancient Rome appointed by the Senate to rule the republic in times of emergency.

  

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•  Emperor

  An emperor is a (male) monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. Empress is the female equivalent. As a title, "empress" may indicate the wife of an emperor or a woman who rules in her own right. Emperors and empresses are generally recognized to be above kings and queens in honour and rank. Currently, the Emperor of Japan is the only monarch who has the title of Emperor.

  

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•  Jagir

  In Pakistan and India, a Jagir was a small territory granted by the ruler to an army chieftain in fairly short terms usually of three years but not extending beyond his lifetime, in recognition of his military service. The grantee of the jagir, called a Jagirdar, was in effect the ruler of that region and substantial income that was earned (taxes, etc. ) from this region went to the owner to maintain his family and his troops.

  

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•  Zamindar

  A zamindar or zemindar, was an official employed by the Mughals to collect taxes from peasants. The zamindari system used the existing structure of the bhuiyan land tenure system of the pre-Mughal era by the Mughals as a key economic and political institution to implement the sharia-based Islamic rule over the "zimmis". The practice was continued under British rule with colonial landholders.

  

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•  Mansabdar

  Mansabdar was the generic term for the military -type grading of all imperial officials of the Mughal Empire. The mansabdars governed the empire and commanded its armies in the emperor's name. Though they were usually aristocrats, they did not form a feudal aristocracy, for neither the offices nor the estates that supported them were hereditary. The term is derived from Mansab, meaning 'rank'. Hence, Mansabdar literally means rank-holder.

  

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•  Taluqdar

  A taluqdar or talukdar (from Arabic ta'al-luq, "district" + dor "holding"), is a term used for Indian land holders in Mughal and British times, responsible for collecting taxes from a district. It may convey somewhat different meanings in different parts of India and Pakistan: (1) A land holder (minor royalty) with administrative power over a district of 84 villages in Punjab, Rajasthan and rest of North India/United Provinces.

  

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•  Bondage in Pakistan

  Bondage is widespread in rural areas of Pakistan. The feudal landlords and tribal leaders keep peasants in bondage and have also created private prisons. In many cases the bonded people are in debt bondage for many generations due to high interest charges. In its most basic sense, the word bondage refers to the state or condition of being bound to an unfree labor system, as in slavery, indentured servitude, or serfdom.

  

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•  Feudalism in Pakistan

  In history, feudalism (the term "feudalism" is used to describe pejoratively "anything reactionary, old-fashioned, or resonant of aristocratic values", Oxford Dictionary), has appeared in different forms. The feudal archetype in Pakistan consists of landlords with large joint families possessing hundreds or even thousands of acres of land. They seldom make any direct contribution to agricultural production. Instead, all work is done by peasants or tenants who live at subsistence level.

  

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• Feudalism in Pakistan by likeorhate
• Heads of state by likeorhate
• Indian feudalism by likeorhate
• Military ranks by country by likeorhate
• Punjabi words and phrases by likeorhate
• Sikhs by likeorhate
• Titles of national or ethnic leadership by likeorhate
• Titles in Afghanistan by likeorhate
• Titles in India by likeorhate
• Titles in Pakistan by likeorhate
• Titles in Iran by likeorhate

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•  Ibuprofen

  Ibuprofen (from the now-outdated nomenclature iso-butyl-propanoic-phenolic acid) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) originally marketed as Brufen, and since then under various other trademarks (see tradenames section), most notably Nurofen, Advil and Motrin. It is used for relief of symptoms of arthritis, primary dysmenorrhea, fever, and as an analgesic, especially where there is an inflammatory component.

  

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•  Ray Moore (comics)

  Raymond S. Moore, better known as Ray Moore, was the co-creator, together with Lee Falk, and first artist on what would grow to become the world's most popular adventure comic strip, The Phantom, which started in 1936. Moore had previously worked as Phil Davis' assistant on the Lee Falk-created Mandrake the Magician comic strip, which was why he was thought to be a suitable choice to draw Falk's new creation.

  

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• Mushroom types by likeorhate
•  Twenty pence (English medieval gold coin)

  

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•  Rosolow

  

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