Shah

•  Consul

  

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•  Caliph

  The Caliph is the head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah. It is a transcribed version of the Arabic word خليفة Khalīfah which means "successor" or "representative". The early leaders of the Muslim nation following Muhammad's (570–632) death were called "Khalifat Rasul Allah", the political successors to the messenger of God (referring to Muhammad). Some academics prefer to transliterate the term as Khalīfah.

  

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•  Dictator

  For the ancient Roman title, see Roman dictator. A dictator is a ruler who assumes sole and absolute power (sometimes but not always with military control) but, without hereditary ascension such as an absolute monarch. When other states call the head of state of a particular state a dictator, that state is called a dictatorship. The word originated as the title of a magistrate in ancient Rome appointed by the Senate to rule the republic in times of emergency.

  

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•  Emperor

  An emperor is a (male) monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. Empress is the female equivalent. As a title, "empress" may indicate the wife of an emperor or a woman who rules in her own right. Emperors and empresses are generally recognized to be above kings and queens in honour and rank. Currently, the Emperor of Japan is the only monarch who has the title of Emperor.

  

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•  Head of state

  Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a monarchy, republic, federation, commonwealth or other kind of state. His or her role generally includes personifying the continuity and legitimacy of the state and exercising the political powers, functions and duties granted to the head of state in the country's constitution and laws.

  

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•  Monarchy

  A monarchy is a form of government in which supreme power is absolutely or nominally lodged with an individual, who is the head of state, often for life or until abdication, and "is wholly set apart from all other members of the state. " The person who heads a monarchy is called a monarch. It was a common form of government in the world during ancient and medieval times. There is no clear definition of monarchy.

  

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•  Pharaoh

  Pharaoh is a title used in many modern discussions of the ancient Egyptian rulers of all periods. In antiquity this title began to be used for the ruler who was the religious and political leader of united ancient Egypt. This was true only during the New Kingdom, specifically during the middle of the eighteenth dynasty. For simplification, however, there is a general acceptance amongst modern writers to use the term to relate to all periods.

  

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•  President

  President is a title held by many leaders of organizations, companies, trade unions, universities, and countries. Etymologically, a "president" is one who, who sits in leadership (from Latin pre- "before" + sedere "to sit"; giving the term praeses). Originally, the term referred to the presiding officer of a ceremony or meeting, but today it most commonly refers to an official.

  

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•  Sovereignty

  Sovereignty is the quality of having supreme, independent authority over a territory. It can be found in a power to rule and make law that rests on a political fact for which no purely legal explanation can be provided. The concept has been discussed, debated and questioned throughout history, from the time of the Romans through to the present day, although it has changed in its definition, concept, and application throughout, especially during the Age of Enlightenment.

  

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•  Tsar

  Tsar or czar is a title used to designate certain monarchs or supreme rulers. The first ruler to adopt the title tsar was Simeon I of Bulgaria. As a system of government, it is known as Tsarism. Czar, is a Slavic term with Bulgarian origins which is derived from Cæsar, meant Emperor in the European mediæval sense of the term, that is, a ruler who claims the same rank as a Roman emperor, with the approval of another emperor or a supreme ecclesiastical official.

  

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• Heads of state by likeorhate
• Noble titles by likeorhate
• Persian loanwords by likeorhate
• Royal titles by likeorhate
• Titles of national or ethnic leadership by likeorhate
• Titles in Pakistan by likeorhate
• Titles in Iran by likeorhate

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•  Volvox

  Volvox is one of the best-known chlorophytes and is the most developed in a series of genera that form spherical colonies. Each mature Volvox colony is composed of numerous flagellate cells similar to Chlamydomonas, up to 50,000 in total, and embedded in the surface of a hollow sphere or coenobium containing an extracellular matrix made of a gelatinous glycoprotein. The cells swim in a coordinated fashion, with distinct anterior and posterior poles.

  

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•  François-Paul Brueys d'Aigalliers

  Vice-Admiral François-Paul Brueys d'Aigalliers, Comte de Brueys (February 12, 1753, Uzès, Gard – August 1, 1798) was the French commander in the Battle of the Nile, in which the French Revolutionary Navy was defeated by Royal Navy forces under Admiral Horatio Nelson. The British victory helped to ensure their naval supremacy throughout the Napoleonic Wars. He was also a Freemason in the La Bonne Foi lodge at Montauban.

  

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•  Villardefrades

  Villardefrades is a municipality located in the province of Valladolid, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census, the municipality has a population of 219 inhabitants.

  

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•  Douglas Professor of Civil Law, Glasgow

  The Douglas Chair of Civil Law at the University of Glasgow was founded in 1948, and named after John Brown Douglas (c 1855-1935), who had been Professor of Roman Law at St Mungo's College. The name was changed in 2001 to the Douglas Chair in Roman Law when occupied by Olivia Robinson, but was changed back in 2006 when the current Professor, Ernest Metzger, assumed the position.

  

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•  Trilobignophos

  Trilobignophos is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.

  

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