Zamindar

•  Jagir

  In Pakistan and India, a Jagir was a small territory granted by the ruler to an army chieftain in fairly short terms usually of three years but not extending beyond his lifetime, in recognition of his military service. The grantee of the jagir, called a Jagirdar, was in effect the ruler of that region and substantial income that was earned (taxes, etc. ) from this region went to the owner to maintain his family and his troops.

  

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•  Sardar

  Sardar is a title of Persian origin, used for military or political leaders. The word's cognate in Persian, Sardâr, means commander. Literally sar means "head" while dâr means "holder" in Persian. Thus, the term Sardar may also mean a military or political leader, comparable to the English chieftain. In Pakistan, the leaders of Balochi, Kashmiri, Pashtun, Punjabi, Seraiki, Sindhi tribes and clans have the title Sardar.

  

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•  Mansabdar

  Mansabdar was the generic term for the military -type grading of all imperial officials of the Mughal Empire. The mansabdars governed the empire and commanded its armies in the emperor's name. Though they were usually aristocrats, they did not form a feudal aristocracy, for neither the offices nor the estates that supported them were hereditary. The term is derived from Mansab, meaning 'rank'. Hence, Mansabdar literally means rank-holder.

  

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•  Deshmukh

  Deshmukh or desmukh was the title given to a person who was granted a territory of land, in certain regions of India, specifically Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. The granted territory is usually referred to as the deshmukhi. The deshmukh was in effect the ruler of the territory, as he was entitled to the collected taxes. It was also his duty to maintain the basic services in the territory, such as police and judicial duties. It was typically a hereditary system.

  

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•  Taluqdar

  A taluqdar or talukdar (from Arabic ta'al-luq, "district" + dor "holding"), is a term used for Indian land holders in Mughal and British times, responsible for collecting taxes from a district. It may convey somewhat different meanings in different parts of India and Pakistan: (1) A land holder (minor royalty) with administrative power over a district of 84 villages in Punjab, Rajasthan and rest of North India/United Provinces.

  

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•  Indian feudalism

  The term Indian feudalism is an attempt to classify Indian history according to a European model. Historians have become very reluctant to classify other societies into European models and today it is rare for Indian history to be described as feudal by academics; it still done in popular usage, however, but only for pejorative reasons to express disfavour, typically by critics. These include zamindar, jagir, desmukh, chowdhury.

  

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•  Bondage in Pakistan

  Bondage is widespread in rural areas of Pakistan. The feudal landlords and tribal leaders keep peasants in bondage and have also created private prisons. In many cases the bonded people are in debt bondage for many generations due to high interest charges. In its most basic sense, the word bondage refers to the state or condition of being bound to an unfree labor system, as in slavery, indentured servitude, or serfdom.

  

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•  Ryot

  Ryot or Ravat (from an Arabic word raiyat, which originates from ra'a] meaning etymologically, 'a herd at pasture' and 'subjects' in a collective sense, properly a subject, then a tenant of the soil. The word ryot is used throughout India for the general body of cultivators; but it has a special meaning in different provinces. Under the Mughal system of land control there were two types of raiyats - khudkasta and paikasta.

  

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•  Feudalism in Pakistan

  In history, feudalism (the term "feudalism" is used to describe pejoratively "anything reactionary, old-fashioned, or resonant of aristocratic values", Oxford Dictionary), has appeared in different forms. The feudal archetype in Pakistan consists of landlords with large joint families possessing hundreds or even thousands of acres of land. They seldom make any direct contribution to agricultural production. Instead, all work is done by peasants or tenants who live at subsistence level.

  

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•  Indian Feudalism

  Indian Feudalism is a book by Indian professor Ram Sharan Sharma. The book analyses the practice of land grants, which became considerable in the Gupta period and widespread in the post-Gupta period. It shows how this led to the emergence of a class of landlords, endowed with fiscal and administrative rights superimposed upon a class of peasantry which was deprived of communal agrarian rights. It was published by Macmillan Publishers India Ltd. , 3rd Revised Edition, Delhi, 2005.

  

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• Feudalism in Pakistan by likeorhate
• Indian feudalism by likeorhate
• Mughal Empire by likeorhate
• Noble titles by likeorhate
• Persian loanwords by likeorhate
• Titles in India by likeorhate
• Titles in Pakistan by likeorhate

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•  PH

  pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. It approximates but is not equal to p[H], the negative logarithm (base 10) of the molar concentration of dissolved hydrogen ions (H). Crudely, this matches the number of places behind the decimal point, so for example 0.1 molar hydrochloric acid should be near pH 1 and 0.0001 molar HCl should be near pH 4.

  

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•  Meedhuizen

  Meedhuizen is a town in the Dutch province of Groningen. It is a part of the municipality of Delfzijl, and lies about 24 km east of Groningen. In 2001, the town of Meedhuizen had 217 inhabitants. The built-up area of the town was 0.075 km², and contained 81 residences. The statistical area "Meedhuizen", which also can include the peripheral parts of the village, as well as the surrounding countryside, has a population of around 420.

  

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•  Robert Ferguson (footballer)

  Robert Ferguson (1886–1962) was a Scottish footballer who played for Liverpool during the early part of the 20th century.

  

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•  Marsimha

  Marasimha (1050 CE - 1075 CE) succeeded Gonka. He was not very ambitious. In a copper plate grant describes the fort of Kilagila as his capital. Guvala II succeeded his father in 1057 CE. However, till 1110 CE the history of the Shilahara family becomes complicated as all princes are mentioned as kings.

  

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•  Harris lake (highlands, north carolina)

  

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