List: Sharia

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•  Caliph

  The Caliph is the head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah. It is a transcribed version of the Arabic word خليفة Khalīfah which means "successor" or "representative". The early leaders of the Muslim nation following Muhammad's (570–632) death were called "Khalifat Rasul Allah", the political successors to the messenger of God (referring to Muhammad). Some academics prefer to transliterate the term as Khalīfah.

  

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•  Dhimmi

  A dhimmi (collectively أهل الذمة ahl al-dhimmah, "the people of the dhimma or pact of protection"; Ottoman Turkish & Urdu zimmi, "one whose zimma has been taken") is a non-Muslim subject of a state governed in accordance with sharia law. The term connotes several restrictions, such as a poll tax known as the jizya, which complemented the Islamic tax paid by the Muslim subjects, called Zakat, a restricted freedom of religion and worship, and required loyalty to the empire.

  

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•  Fiqh

  Fiqh is Islamic jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the Quran and Sunnah—that complements Shariah with evolving rulings/interpretations of Islamic jurists. Fiqh deals with the observance of rituals, morals and social legislation. There are four prominent Sunni schools of Fiqh and two schools for the Shi'a. A person trained in fiqh is known as a Faqih (plural Fuqaha).

  

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•  Fatwā

  A fatwā in the Islamic faith is a religious opinion concerning Islamic law issued by an Islamic scholar. In Sunni Islam any fatwa is non-binding, whereas in Shia Islam it could be considered by an individual as binding, depending on his or her relation to the scholar. The person who issues a fatwa is called, in that respect, a Mufti, i.e. an issuer of fatwa.

  

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•  Homosexuality and Islam

  

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•  Sharia

  Sharia refers to the "way" Muslims should live or the "path" they must follow. Sharia is derived from the sacred text of Islam, and Traditions gathered from the life of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad. There are different interpretations in some areas of Sharia, depending on the school of thought, and the particular scholars involved. Traditionally, Islamic jurisprudence interprets and refines Sharia by extending its principles to address new questions.

  

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•  Sunnah

  Sunnah is an Arabic word that means habit or usual practice. The Muslim usage of this term refers to the sayings and living habits of Muhammad, the last prophet of Islam. Recording sunnah was an Arabic tradition, and once people converted to Islam, they brought the tradition to the religion. The Sunnah of Muhammad includes his specific words, actions, and practices . It is significant to the spirituality of Islam because it addresses ways of life dealing with friends, family, and government .

  

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•  Islamic dietary laws

  Islamic dietary laws provide a set of rules as to what Muslims eat in their diet and other areas.

  

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•  Ulema

  Ulema refers to the educated class of Muslim legal scholars engaged in the several fields of Islamic studies. They are best known as the arbiters of shari‘a law. While the ulema are well versed in legal jurisprudence being Islamic lawyers, some of them also go on to specialize in other fields, such as philosophy, dialectical theology or Quranic hermeneutics or explanation.

  

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•  Ijtihad

  Ijtihad is a technical term of Islamic law that describes the process of making a legal decision by independent interpretation of the legal sources, the Qur'an and the Sunnah. The opposite of ijtihad is taqlid, Arabic for "imitation". Generally, a Mujtahid is an educated Muslim who makes up his own ruling on the permissibility of an Islamic law but only for himself. Ijtihad is mainly associated with the Shi'a Muslim Jafari school of jurisprudence.

  

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•  Ijma

  Ijmā' (إجماع) is an Arabic term referring ideally to the consensus of the ummah (the community of Muslims, or followers of Islam). The hadith of Muhammad which states that "My community will never agree upon an error" is often cited as support for the validity of ijmā'. Sunni Muslims regard ijmā' as the third fundamental source of Sharia law, after the divine revelation of the Qur'an, the prophetic practice or Sunnah.

  

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•  Hima (environmental protection)

  A Ḥimá "inviolate zone" refers to an area set aside for the conservation of natural capital, typically fields, wildlife and forests - contrast ḥaram, which defines an area protected for more immediate human purposes. A Muslim has a specific obligation to practice khalifa over nature, and each species of animals is said to be "its own nation". The selection of ḥimás was thus a religious rather than community obligation, and was often undertaken by the ulema.

  

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•  Emir

  Emir, ("commander" or "general", also "prince"; also transliterated as amir, aamir or ameer) is a high title of nobility or office, used throughout the Arab World, as well as historically in 19th-century Afghanistan and in the medieval Muslim world. Emirs are usually considered high-ranking sheikhs, but in monarchical states the term is also used for princes, with "Emirate" being analogous to principality in this sense.

  

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•  Shura

  Shura is an Arabic word for "consultation". It is believed to be the method by which pre-Islamic Arabian tribes selected leaders and made major decisions. Shura is mentioned twice in the Quran as a praiseworthy activity, and is a word often used in the name of parliaments in Muslim-majority countries.

  

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•  Ummah

  Ummah is an Arabic word meaning "community" or "nation". It is commonly used to mean either the collective nation of states, or (in the context of pan-Arabism) the whole Arab world. In the context of Islam, the word ummah is used to mean the diaspora or "Community of the Believers" (ummat al-mu'minin), and thus the whole Muslim world.

  

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•  Jizya

  Under Islamic law, jizya or jizyah is a per capita tax levied on a section of an Islamic state's non-Muslim citizens, who meet certain criteria. The tax is/was to be levied on able bodied adult males of military age and affording power, (but with specific exemptions, though these were discarded at various points in history).

  

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•  Hijra (South Asia)

  In the culture of South Asia, a hijra, is usually considered a member of "the third gender"—neither man nor woman. The word has its origin in Arabic, meaning "migration". Most are physically male or intersex, but some are physically female. Hijras usually refer to themselves linguistically as female and usually dress as women. Although they were traditionally referred to in English as eunuchs, relatively few have any genital modifications.

  

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•  Mullah

  Mullah is generally used to refer to a Muslim man, educated in Islamic theology and sacred law. The title, given to some Islamic clergy, is derived from the Arabic word mawla, meaning "vicar", "master" and "guardian". In large parts of the Muslim world, particularly Iran, Bosnia, Afghanistan, Turkey, Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent, it is the name commonly given to local Islamic clerics or mosque leaders.

  

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•  Wudu

  Wudu is the Islamic act of washing parts of the body using water. Muslims are required to be clean in preparation for ritual prayers. The Quran says "For Allah loves those who turn to Him constantly and He loves those who keep themselves pure and clean. " . Muslims are also required to be clean when handling and reading the Qur'an. The Qur'an says "Which none shall touch but those who are clean" . Purification of the body and clothes is called Taharah.

  

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•  Urf

  Urf العرف is an Arabic Islamic term referring to the custom, or 'knowledge', of a given society, leading to change in the fiqh فقه. `Urf is a source of Shariah rulings where there aren't explicit primary texts of the Qur'an and Sunnah specifying the ruling. `Urf can also specify something generally established in the primary texts. In some countries such as Egypt, marriage, the Urfi way, means to get married without official papers issued by the state .

  

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•  Mufti

  This article is about an Islamic scholar. Mufti can also refer to civilian dress. A mufti is a Sunni Islamic scholar who is an interpreter or expounder of Islamic law. In religious administrative terms, a mufti is roughly equivalent to a deacon to a Sunni population. A muftiat or diyanet is a council of muftis.

  

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•  Zina (Arabic)

  For other uses, see Zéna (disambiguation) Zéna in Islam is extramarital sex and premarital sex. Islamic law prescribes punishments for Muslim men and women for the act of Zéna. Islamic law considers this prohibition to be for the protection of men and women and for the respect of marriage. Zéna is considered one of the great sins in Islam.

  

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•  Qiyas

  In Sunni Islamic jurisprudence, the qiyas is the process of analogical reasoning in which the teachings of the Hadith are compared and contrasted with those of the Quran, i.e. , in order to make an analogy with a known injunction to a new injunction. As a result of this method, the ruling of the Sunnah and the Qur'an may be used as a means to solve or provide a response to a new problem that may arise.

  

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•  Mahram

  In Islamic sharia legal terminology, a mahram is an unmarriageable kin with whom sexual intercourse would be considered incestuous, a punishable taboo. Current usage of the term covers a wider range of people and mostly deals with the dress code practice of hijab. The plural form of the word in the Arabic language is maharim with long second vowel (Arabic محارم, also transliterated maharem).

  

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•  Unclean animals

  Unclean animals, in some religions, are animals whose consumption or handling is labeled a taboo. According to these religions' dogmas, persons who handle such animals may need to purify themselves to get rid of their uncleanness.

  

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