List: Islamic philosophy

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•  Caliph

  The Caliph is the head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah. It is a transcribed version of the Arabic word خليفة Khalīfah which means "successor" or "representative". The early leaders of the Muslim nation following Muhammad's (570–632) death were called "Khalifat Rasul Allah", the political successors to the messenger of God (referring to Muhammad). Some academics prefer to transliterate the term as Khalīfah.

  

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•  Original sin

  Original sin, sometimes called ancestral sin, is, according to a doctrine proposed in Christian theology, humanity's state of sin resulting from the Fall of Man. This condition has been characterized in many ways, ranging from something as insignificant as a slight deficiency, or a tendency toward sin yet without collective guilt, referred to as a "sin nature", to something as drastic as total depravity or automatic guilt by all humans through collective guilt.

  

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•  Martyr

  A martyr is somebody who suffers persecution and death for refusing to renounce a belief, usually religious.

  

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•  Ijtihad

  Ijtihad is a technical term of Islamic law that describes the process of making a legal decision by independent interpretation of the legal sources, the Qur'an and the Sunnah. The opposite of ijtihad is taqlid, Arabic for "imitation". Generally, a Mujtahid is an educated Muslim who makes up his own ruling on the permissibility of an Islamic law but only for himself. Ijtihad is mainly associated with the Shi'a Muslim Jafari school of jurisprudence.

  

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•  Islamic philosophy

  Islamic philosophy is a branch of Islamic studies, and is a longstanding attempt to create harmony between philosophy and the religious teachings of Islam.

  

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•  Early Islamic philosophy

  Early Islamic philosophy or classical Islamic philosophy is a period of intense philosophical development beginning in the 2nd century AH of the Islamic calendar (early 9th century CE) and lasting until the 6th century AH (late 12th century CE). The period is known as the Islamic Golden Age, and the achievements of this period had a crucial influence in the development of modern philosophy and science.

  

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•  Islamization of knowledge

  Islamization of knowledge is a term which describes a variety of attempts and approaches to synthesize the ethics of Islam with various fields of modern thought. Its end product would be a new ijma ("consensus") among Muslims on an appropriate fiqh ("jurisprudence") and a scientific method that did not violate Islamic ethical norms.

  

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•  Ash'ari

  The Ashʿari theology is a school of early Muslim speculative theology founded by the theologian Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari (d. 324 AH / 936 AD). The disciples of the school are known as Ash'arites, and the school is also referred to as Ash'arite school. It was instrumental in drastically changing the direction of Islamic theology, separating its development radically from that of theology in the Christian world.

  

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•  Kalam

  Kalām is the Islamic philosophy of seeking Islamic theological principles through dialectic. In Arabic the word means "words, discussion, discourse". A scholar of kalam is referred to as a mutakallim (Muslim theologian; plural mutakallimiin). There are many interpretations of why this discipline was called "kalam"; one of them is that the widest controversy in this field was about Allah's speech.

  

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•  Liberal movements within Islam

  Part of a series onFile:Allah-eser-green.

  

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•  Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr

  Shahid-e-Khamis Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr (March 1, 1935 – April 9, 1980) was an Iraqi Twelver Shi'a cleric, a philosopher, and ideological founder of Islamic Dawa Party born in al-Kazimiya, Iraq. He is the father-in-law of Muqtada al-Sadr and cousin of both Mohammad Sadeq al-Sadr and Imam Musa as-Sadr. His father Haydar al-Sadr was a well respected high ranking shi'a cleric. His lineage goes back to Muhammad, through the seventh Shia Imam, Musa al-Kazim.

  

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•  Orthopraxis

  

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•  Kalam cosmological argument

  The Kalām cosmological argument is a variation of the cosmological argument that argues for the existence of a Sufficient Reason or First Cause for the universe. Its origins can be traced to both medieval Christian and Muslim thinkers, but most significantly to Islamic theologians of the Kalām tradition. It has been revived in recent years most predominantly in the works of Christian philosopher William Lane Craig.

  

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•  Mohammed Arkoun

  Professor Mohammed Arkoun (born February 1, 1928 in Taourirt-Mimoun, Algeria) is one of the most influential scholars in Islamic studies today. In a career of more than 30 years, he has been a critic of the tensions embedded in his field of study, advocating Islamic modernism and humanism.

  

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•  The Philosophy of the Teachings of Islam

  The Philosophy of the Teachings of Islam is an essay on Islam by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, founder of the Ahmadiyya religious movement. The original was written in Urdu with the title Islami Usool ki Falāsifi, in order to be read at the Conference of Great Religions held at Lahore on December 26-29, 1896.

  

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•  Islamic creationism

  Islamic creationism is the belief that the universe was created by God as explained in the Qur'an.

  

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•  The Incoherence of the Philosophers

  The Incoherence of the Philosophers (Tahāfut al-Falāsifaʰ) in Arabic (تهافت الفلاسفة) is the title of a landmark 11th century polemic by the Sufi sympathetic Imam Al-Ghazali (Algazel) of the Asharite school of Islamic theology criticizing the Avicennian school of early Islamic philosophy. Muslim philosophers such as Ibn Sina (Avicenna) and Al-Farabi (Alpharabius) are denounced in this book.

  

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•  Transcendent theosophy

  Transcendent theosophy or al-hikmat al-muta’li (حكمت متعالي), the doctrine and philosophy that has been developed and perfected by the Persian philosopher, Mulla Sadra, is one of two main disciplines of Islamic philosophy that is very live and active even today. The expression al-hikmat al-muta’liyah comprises two terms al-hikmat (meaning theosiphia) and muta’liyah (meaning exalted or Transcendent). This school of Mulla Sadra in Islamic philosophy is usually called al-hikmat al-muta’liyah.

  

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•  Contemporary Islamic philosophy

  Contemporary Islamic philosophy refers to Islamic philosophy in the 20th century. New movements have emerged during this time due to encounters with modernity and Western philosophy. On one hand, some scholars such as Al-Afghani and Muhammad Abduh sought to find rational principles which would establish a form of thought which is both distinctively Islamic and also appropriate for life in modern scientific societies, a debate which is continuing within Islamic philosophy today.

  

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•  Isfahan School

  The Isfahan School is a well known discipline in Islamic philosophy and is usually called a Renaissance in Islamic Philosophy. It was found by many famous Persian philosophers, most notably Mir Damad, Sheykh Bahaee and Mir Fendereski. During the Safavid Dynasty in Iran, and because of the particular attention of Shah Abbas to intellectual tradition in Islam, Isfahan became the most famous academic city and intellectual center of Iran in that time, along with other cities like Rayy and Shiraz.

  

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•  Karamogo

  The Karamogo were the scholar class among the peaceful Dyula traders of Western Africa, of which Al-Hajj Salim Suwari was a prominent member. The Karamogo developed theological rationales for living among non-Muslims, arguing that one should nurture one's own faith and let conversion happen in its own time. Accordingly, jihad should not be waged except in defensive contexts.

  

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•  Islamic metaphysics

  Islamic metaphysics refers to the study of metaphysics within Islamic philosophy.

  

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•  William Chittick

  William C. Chittick is a leading translator and interpreter of classical Islamic philosophical and mystical texts. He is best known for his groundbreaking work on Rumi and Ibn 'Arabi, and has written extensively on the school of Ibn 'Arabi, Islamic philosophy, Shi'ism, and Islamic cosmology.

  

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•  Sufi philosophy

  Sufi philosophy includes the schools of thought unique to Sufism, a mystical branch within Islam. Sufism and its philosophical traditions may be associated with Sunni Islam or Shia Islam. It has been suggested that Sufi thought emerged from the Middle East in the eighth century, but adherents are now found around the world. It was around 1000 CE that early Sufi literature, in the form of manuals, treatises, discourses and poetry, became the source of Sufi thinking and meditations.

  

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•  Ahl al-Fatrah

  In Islamic theology, the term Ahl al-Fatrah refers to everyone whom the dawah (message of Islam) has not reached in an uncorrupted manner, i.e. the people who live in ignorance of the teachings of Islam, either in geographical isolation, or in times predating Muhammad. The intended meaning is, people living at a time of an interval between two prophets so that they are never exposed to divine revelation.

  

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