List: Heads of state

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  •  Consul
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  •  Caliph
    The Caliph is the head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah. It is a transcribed version of the Arabic word خليفة Khalīfah which means "successor" or "representative". The early leaders of the Muslim nation following Muhammad's (570–632) death were called "Khalifat Rasul Allah", the political successors to the messenger of God (referring to Muhammad). Some academics prefer to transliterate the term as Khalīfah.
    http://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ottoman_1683.png
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  •  Dictator
    For the ancient Roman title, see Roman dictator. A dictator is a ruler who assumes sole and absolute power (sometimes but not always with military control) but, without hereditary ascension such as an absolute monarch. When other states call the head of state of a particular state a dictator, that state is called a dictatorship. The word originated as the title of a magistrate in ancient Rome appointed by the Senate to rule the republic in times of emergency.
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  •  Emperor
    An emperor is a (male) monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. Empress is the female equivalent. As a title, "empress" may indicate the wife of an emperor or a woman who rules in her own right. Emperors and empresses are generally recognized to be above kings and queens in honour and rank. Currently, the Emperor of Japan is the only monarch who has the title of Emperor.
    http://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maximilian_of_Mexico_Winterhalter.jpg
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  •  Head of state
    Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a monarchy, republic, federation, commonwealth or other kind of state. His or her role generally includes personifying the continuity and legitimacy of the state and exercising the political powers, functions and duties granted to the head of state in the country's constitution and laws.
    http://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De_Gaulle-OWI.jpg
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  •  Monarchy
    A monarchy is a form of government in which supreme power is absolutely or nominally lodged with an individual, who is the head of state, often for life or until abdication, and "is wholly set apart from all other members of the state. " The person who heads a monarchy is called a monarch. It was a common form of government in the world during ancient and medieval times. There is no clear definition of monarchy.
    http://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Jimmu.jpg
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  •  Pharaoh
    Pharaoh is a title used in many modern discussions of the ancient Egyptian rulers of all periods. In antiquity this title began to be used for the ruler who was the religious and political leader of united ancient Egypt. This was true only during the New Kingdom, specifically during the middle of the eighteenth dynasty. For simplification, however, there is a general acceptance amongst modern writers to use the term to relate to all periods.
    http://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hatshepsut02-AltesMuseum-Berlin.png
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  •  President
    President is a title held by many leaders of organizations, companies, trade unions, universities, and countries. Etymologically, a "president" is one who, who sits in leadership (from Latin pre- "before" + sedere "to sit"; giving the term praeses). Originally, the term referred to the presiding officer of a ceremony or meeting, but today it most commonly refers to an official.
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  •  Sovereignty
    Sovereignty is the quality of having supreme, independent authority over a territory. It can be found in a power to rule and make law that rests on a political fact for which no purely legal explanation can be provided. The concept has been discussed, debated and questioned throughout history, from the time of the Romans through to the present day, although it has changed in its definition, concept, and application throughout, especially during the Age of Enlightenment.
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  •  Tsar
    Tsar or czar is a title used to designate certain monarchs or supreme rulers. The first ruler to adopt the title tsar was Simeon I of Bulgaria. As a system of government, it is known as Tsarism. Czar, is a Slavic term with Bulgarian origins which is derived from Cæsar, meant Emperor in the European mediæval sense of the term, that is, a ruler who claims the same rank as a Roman emperor, with the approval of another emperor or a supreme ecclesiastical official.
    http://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Simeon_the_Great_anonymous_seal.jpg
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  •  Prince-Bishop
    A Prince-Bishop is a bishop who is a territorial Prince of the Church on account of one or more secular principalities, usually pre-existent titles of nobility held concurrently with their inherent clerical office. If the see is an archbishopric, the correct term is prince-archbishop; the equivalent in the regular clergy is a prince-abbot.
    http://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mkromer_lightblue.jpg
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  •  Prince
    Prince, from French "Prince", is a general term for a monarch, for a member of a monarchs' or former monarch's family, and is a hereditary title in some members of Europe's highest nobility. The feminine equivalent is a princess.
    http://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bellarmine_3.jpg
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  •  Lord Protector
    Lord Protector is a title used in British constitutional law for certain heads of states at different periods of history. It is also a particular title for the British Heads of State in respect to the established church. It is sometimes used to render in English other posts of temporary regent, acting for the absent monarchic head of state.
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  •  Governor-General
    A Governor General, is a vice-regal representative of a monarch in an independent realm or a major colonial circonscription. Depending on the political arrangement of the territory, a Governor General can be a governor of high rank, or a principal governor ranking above "ordinary" governors.
    http://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Btweedsmuir2.jpg
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  •  Chinese sovereign
    Chinese sovereign is the ruler of a particular period in ancient China. Several titles and naming schemes have been used throughout history.
    http://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_oracle_bone_inscription.jpg
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  •  Grand duke
    The title grand duke is used in Western Europe and particularly in Germanic countries for provincial sovereigns. Grand duke is of a protocolary rank below a king but higher than a sovereign duke. Grand duke is also the usual and established translation of grand prince in languages which do not differentiate between princes who are children of a monarch and ruling princes. English and French also use Grand Duke in this way.
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  •  Sultan
    Sultan is an Islamic title, with several historical meanings. Originally it was an Arabic language abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", or "rulership", derived from the masdar سلطة sulṭah, meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it came to be used as the title of certain Muslim rulers who claimed almost full sovereignty in practical terms (i.e.
    http://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Sultan_Valide.jpg
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  •  Shah
    Shah is a Persian term for a king (leader) that has been adopted in many other languages.
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  •  Rector
    The word rector ("ruler," from the Latin regere and rector meaning "teacher" in Latin) has a number of different meanings; they indicate an academic, religious or political administrator. The word is related to rectrix ("helmsman"), one of a bird's tail feathers. The term and office of a rector are called a rectorate. "Rector" is also a surname in English-speaking countries and in some other languages.
    http://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:YushimaSeido8678.jpg
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  •  Regent
    A regent, from the Latin regens "that who reigns", is a person selected to act as head of state (ruling or not) because the ruler is a minor, not present, or debilitated. In a monarchy, a regent usually governs due to one of these reasons, but may also be elected to rule during the interregnum when the royal line has died out. This was the case in Finland and Hungary, where the royal line was considered extinct in the aftermath of World War I.
    http://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mannerheim%2C_Lilius%2C_Kekoni%2C_Gallen-Kallela%2CRosenbr%C3%B6ijer.jpg
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  •  Bundespräsident
    Bundespräsident (President of the Federation or Federal President) is the German language title for: The President of Austria (head of state) The President of Germany (head of state) The President of the Swiss Confederation: the presiding member of the Swiss Federal Council (government and head of state). Bundespräsident is the title for males, females are titled Bundespräsidentin. The correct style of addressing is for females "Frau Bundespräsidentin" and for males "Herr Bundespräsident".
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  •  Maharaja
    The word Mahārāja (also spelled maharajah) is Sanskrit for "great king" or "high king" (a karmadharaya from mahānt "great" and rājan "king"). Due to Sanskrit's major influence on the vocabulary of most languages in India and Asia, the term 'maharaja' is common to many modern Indian languages, such as Hindi, Oriya, Punjabi, Bengali, Gujrati, etc. Its use is primarily for Hindu potentates (ruler or sovereign).
    http://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Major-General_H.H._Farzand-i-Dilband_Rasikh-_al-Iqtidad-i-Daulat-i-Inglishia%2C_Raja-i-Rajagan%2C_Maharaja_Sir_Jagatjit_Singh%2C_Bahadur%2C_Maharaja_of_Kapurthala%2C_GCSI_%2C_GCIE_%2C_GBE.jpg
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  •  Kaiser
    Kaiser is the German title meaning "Emperor", with Kaiserin being the female equivalent, "Empress". Like the Russian Czar it is directly derived from the Latin Emperors' title of Caesar, which in turn is derived from the personal name of a branch of the gens (clan) Julia, to which Gaius Julius Caesar, the forebear of the first imperial family, belonged.
    http://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Friedrich_von_Amerling_003.jpg
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  •  Emir
    Emir, ("commander" or "general", also "prince"; also transliterated as amir, aamir or ameer) is a high title of nobility or office, used throughout the Arab World, as well as historically in 19th-century Afghanistan and in the medieval Muslim world. Emirs are usually considered high-ranking sheikhs, but in monarchical states the term is also used for princes, with "Emirate" being analogous to principality in this sense.
    http://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bokhara1909.jpg
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  •  Khan (title)
    Khan is an originally Central Asian title for a sovereign or military ruler, first used by medieval Altaic-speaking nomadic tribes living to the north of China. 'Khan' is first seen as a title in the Xianbei confederation for their chief between 283–289. The probably proto-Mongolian Rourans were the first people who used the titles Khagan and Khan for their emperors, replacing the Chanyu of the Xiongnu, whom Grousset and others assume to be Turkic.
    http://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Premongol.png
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