List: Caliphs

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•  Caliph

  The Caliph is the head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah. It is a transcribed version of the Arabic word خليفة Khalīfah which means "successor" or "representative". The early leaders of the Muslim nation following Muhammad's (570–632) death were called "Khalifat Rasul Allah", the political successors to the messenger of God (referring to Muhammad). Some academics prefer to transliterate the term as Khalīfah.

  

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•  Abdülmecid II

  His Imperial Majesty The Caliph Abdülmecid II, (also with various alternate spellings, including Abdul Mejid, Aakhir Khalifatul Muslimeen Sultan Abd-ul-Mejid, Abdul Medjit, and in modern Turkish: Abdülmecit; in Ottoman Turkish: عبد المجيد الثانى was the last Caliph of Islam from the Ottoman Dynasty, nominally the 37th Head of the Ottoman Imperial House from 1922 to 1944.

  

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•  Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca

  Sayyid Hussein bin Ali, GCB (1854 — June 4, 1931) (حسین بن علی; Ḥusayn bin ‘Alī) was the Sharif of Mecca, and Emir of Mecca from 1908 until 1917, when he proclaimed himself King of Hejaz, which received international recognition. In 1924, he further proclaimed himself Caliph of all Muslims. He ruled Hejaz until 1924, when, defeated by Abdul Aziz al Saud, he abdicated the kingdom and other secular titles to his eldest son Ali.

  

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•  List of caliphs

  All years are according to the Common Era

  

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•  Naila (Calipha)

  Naila was the wife of Uthman, the third Caliph of the Islamic Empire. She was born into a Christian family in Kufa but was converted to Islam by Aisha. In 28 AH, she married Uthman, who had succeeded to the Caliphate in 644. In 656, after growing discontent with his rule, rebels besieged Uthman in his palace in Medina. Ali ibn abu Talib had earlier rescued Uthman from similar situation on his promise to address complaints made by public.

  

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•  Abu Qurra

  Abu Qurra, a member of the Sufrite tribe Banu Ifran of Tlemcen. was the founder of the Muslim Amazigh movement in North Africa in the first step of the Umayyad dynasty. He is the founder of Kharidjisme. Between 767 and 776, Abu Qurra organised an army of more than 350 000 riders in the north of Africa . It is the first head of state of the Berber Muslim Maghreb. Ibn Khaldun described him in his book Kitab El Ibar.

  

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